Hereditary angioedema causes episodes of severe swelling that most often affects your face, hands, feet, and genitals. It may also affect your gastrointestinal tract, airway, or other body parts, which can be life threatening.
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic condition that runs in families. It affects an estimated 1 in 50,000-150,000 people worldwide.
It leads to severe, painful swelling, sometimes due to certain triggers like stress. However, attacks can also happen spontaneously.
Take a moment to learn more about this condition, including treatment options, triggers, and more.
The three main types of HAE, outlined below, all cause your body to produce too much bradykinin, a protein fragment that helps drive inflammation.
Bradykinin triggers changes in your blood vessel walls that cause them to become more permeable or leaky. This allows excess fluid to leak from your blood vessels into other tissues, which results in swelling.
Prevalence | Cause | Effect | |
---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | 85% of all cases of HAE | mutations in the SERPING1 gene, which tells your body how to produce a C1 inhibitor, a protein that limits bradykinin production | Your body doesn’t produce enough C1 inhibitors. |
Type 2 | 15% of all cases of HAE | mutations in the SERPING1 gene | Your body produces a C1 inhibitor that doesn’t work properly. |
Type 3 | extremely rare | not always determined, but could be caused by mutations in the F12 gene, which gives your body instructions for making coagulation factor XII, a protein that plays a part in the production of bradykinin. | Your body produces overactive coagulation factor XII. |
Symptoms of HAE typically first appear in childhood or adolescence.
During an attack, you may experience any of the following symptoms:
- swelling of your face, hands, feet, genitals, or other body parts
- abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea due to gastrointestinal tract swelling
- difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing if swelling affects your airway
About one-third of people with HAE develop a rash that’s not itchy or painful.
If you develop swelling in your airway, it may cause potentially life threatening breathing problems. It’s important to get treatment and seek emergency services right away.
How often do hereditary angioedema attacks happen?
The frequency of HAE attacks varies widely from person to person. For some, attacks can be very rare and occur less than once a year. For others, they can occur on a weekly basis.
Without treatment, HAE is likely to cause frequent symptom attacks. Getting treatment may help relieve acute symptoms and reduce the frequency of attacks.
On average, people with untreated HAE will experience an attack roughly
The frequency of attacks can also change over time in an unpredictable manner.
If you have HAE, you may find that certain triggers cause episodes of symptoms to develop or worsen.
Common triggers include:
- physical injuries
- dental procedures or surgery
- viral infections
- emotional stress
You may also experience episodes of symptoms with no known trigger.
There are two main treatment goals for HAE: to alleviate the symptoms of an attack and to reduce the frequency of those attacks.
Treating symptoms
To treat an acute attack of HAE symptoms, your doctor may prescribe one of the following medications:
- C1 inhibitors, such as Berinert or Ruconest
- ecallantide (Kalbitor)
- icatibant (Firazyr)
These medications are sometimes called on-demand treatments. Your doctor can help you learn when and how to use them.
If you’re having trouble breathing during an attack, you should use your on-demand medication if it’s available. Then contact 911 or go to an emergency department for follow-up care.
To treat severe breathing difficulties, your doctor may need to perform a medical procedure such as intubation or tracheotomy to open your airway.
Note, however, that if you don’t already know that your angioedema is hereditary, an emergency doctor may first treat you with steroids, antihistamines, and epinephrine. If these medications do not help, they may then determine you have HAE.
Preventing symptoms
To help reduce the frequency of attacks, your doctor may prescribe one of the following medications:
- C1 inhibitors, such as Cinryze or Haegarda
- lanadelumab-flyo (Takhzyro)
- androgen hormone therapy, such as danazol
Lifestyle changes
If you have HAE, limiting your exposure to triggers may help prevent symptom attacks. Certain lifestyle changes may also help you manage the physical, emotional, and social effects of the condition.
For example, it might help to:
- Prepare for dental work or surgery: If you have dental work or other medical procedures scheduled, let your doctor know. They may prescribe medication to lower your risk of a symptom attack.
- Plan travel carefully: Before you travel for work or pleasure, learn where and how you can get help in case of an emergency. Consider avoiding trips to areas where medical care is hard to access.
- Take steps to limit and relieve emotional stress: Try not to take on more obligations at work or home than you can comfortably manage. Strive to make time for stress-relieving activities, such as yoga, reading, or quality time with loved ones.
- Meet with a mental health professional if needed: Living with a rare condition like HAE can affect your mental health. A mental health professional can help you develop coping strategies and a treatment plan if needed.
- Join a support group. Connecting with other people who live with HAE may give you a network of social and emotional support. You may also be able to share practical tips with each other for managing HAE.
If you’re finding it difficult to manage the physical, emotional, or social effects of HAE, let your doctor or other members of your healthcare team know.
They may adjust your treatment plan, offer tips for managing the condition, or refer you to other supportive resources.
Some of the symptoms of HAE are similar to those of other conditions. For example, allergic reactions can also cause swelling, gastrointestinal symptoms, and breathing difficulties.
To diagnosethe cause of your symptoms, your doctor will first conduct a thorough clinical evaluation and ask you about your personal and family medical history.
If your doctor suspects that HAE is causing your symptoms, they’ll order blood tests to check the level of certain proteins in your blood. They may also order genetic testing to check for certain genetic mutations.
HAE is caused by genetic mutations that may be passed from parent to child. This means that the condition tends to run in families.
However, spontaneous mutations can cause the disease to develop in people with no family history of the disease.
With proper treatment and management, the average life expectancy for a person with HAE is the same as the general population, according to recent research.
While rare, deaths from HAE can still occur if an attack affects a life threatening bodily function.
According to a
What autoimmune disease causes angioedema?
HAE is a genetic disorder. However, you can also get a similar condition called acquired angioedema. This can be caused by many things, including autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or dermatomyositis.
Does angioedema ever go away?
There’s no cure for HAE, but current treatment options help many with the condition manage attacks.
What foods trigger hereditary angioedema?
Food can be a trigger for abdominal HAE attacks. According to a
- tomato
- green salad
- fish
- citrus fruits
- apple
- onion
- garlic
- cheese
- chili
- kiwi
- milk
- tree nuts
- strawberry
- pineapple
- shrimps
- bread
- banana
- leek
- chicken
- alcohol
That said, a food that’s triggering for someone else may not be a trigger for you. Working out your own triggers and doing your best to avoid them can help you manage the condition.
HAE is a rare and often unpredictable genetic condition that causes severe episodes of swelling around the body.
It can cause life threatening breathing difficulties if you experience swelling in your airways. When that happens, it’s essential to get treatment right away.
Talk with your doctor or other members of your healthcare team to learn more about the potential treatment options for HAE.
Resources:
- Bernstein JA. (2018). Severity of hereditary angioedema, prevalence, and diagnostic considerations. https://www.ajmc.com/view/severity-of-hae-prevalence-and-diagnostic-considerations
- Bork K, et al. (2021). Assessment and management of disease burden and quality of life in patients with hereditary angioedema: A consensus report.
https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-021-00537-2 - Busse PJ, et al. (2021). US HAEA Medical Advisory Board 2020 guidelines for the management of hereditary angioedema. https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(20)30878-3/fulltext
- Bygum A, et al. (2017). Disease severity, activity, impact, and control and how to assess them in patients with hereditary angioedema. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2017.00212/full
- Fernandez J. (2022). Hereditary and acquired angioedema. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/immunology-allergic-disorders/allergic,-autoimmune,-and-other-hypersensitivity-disorders/hereditary-and-acquired-angioedema
- Gontijo Minafra F, et al. (2022). Investigation of mortality of hereditary angioedema in a reference center in Brazil. h
ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35526778/ - Hereditary angioedema. (2021). https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5979/hereditary-angioedema
- Lumry WR. (2018). Current and emerging therapies to prevent hereditary angioedema attacks. https://www.ajmc.com/view/current-and-emerging-therapies-to-prevent-hae-attacks
- Perego F, et al. (2020). Life expectancy in Italian patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency. https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(20)30046-5/fulltext
- Steiner UC, et al. (2018). Food as a trigger for abdominal angioedema attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema.
https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-018-0832-4